THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics deeply concern with 1. Concept of Energy 2. Laws Governs the conversion of one form of Energy to another form of energy 3. Properties of Working Substance / media used in Energy conversion
Applied Thermodynamics
Applied Thermodynamics is the study of Heat and Work and conversion of Heat into work and work into Heat.
Energy is the vital thing to cause any physical happening, conversion or changes. Without Energy expenditure nothing will happen. There are various forms of energy exist in the world. Among all of these energies Heat is the main energy . The term Energy is actually derived from Greek work En-ergon which means in Work or Work content. The primary and the foremost recourse for heat energy is Sun and it can be considered as mother of Energy as most of the energies derived from Heat Energy. in even we can say the mother of all Energies.
Energies are classified as various types.
The fundamental classification of Energy is Renewable and Non-renewable energy.
Renewable energies are those which do not vanishes or run down or totally exhausted. On the other hand Non-renewable energies are those depleted or diminished. Example of Renewable energies are - Solar Energy, Ocean Energy and Wind Energy Example of Non-Renewable energies are Oil, Coal, Energies were classified in four main categories they are 1 Thermal 2 Mechanical 3 Electrical 4 Chemical
Now let us concentrate on Thermal Energy.
Thermal Energy involves inevitably the Heat Energy. Heat Energy is converted in to Mechanical and or Electrical Energy Here comes the importance of Heat Transfer and its principle and Work due to heat. Heat Transfer is a science that predicts transfer of Energy from one body to another by virtue of temperature gradient. The Subject which deals with the Heat and Work is called Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics predicts extent of heat and work integration when system changes from one equilibrium state to another. In another way When a system passes through one state to another the work and heat involved in this transformation of equilibrium state is analysed and calculated through Thermodynamics study. It elaborately tells how? And how much heat is transferred in any process In a process if there is temperature difference {Potential Difference} then only transfer heat takes place in a process.
System or Matter has measurable properties. It is macroscopic property such as Pressure , Volume and Temperature. ex. Air in cylinder has got Volume Pressure and Temperature. Different system requires different macroscopic properties for complete description of the state.
First Law of Thermodynamics -
Machines that violate the first law are impossible. Heat Transfer takes place only if there is a potential difference.
Heat is a form of energy. The internal energy of a system changes as heat flows in or out of of the System.
Second Law of Thermodynamics –
Heat cannot flow from cold body to hot body without an external work. Machines that violate the second law (perpetual motion machines) are impossible. In Thermalization process the closed systems will always work towards thermal equilibrium and will attain maximum entropy of the system.
The entropy of any isolated system not in thermal equilibrium always increases.
Third Law of Thermodynamics -
Heat flow from high temperature to Low temperature region until equilibrium reached. Heat transfer is a irreversible process.
The entropy of any pure substance in thermodynamic equilibrium approaches zero as the temperature approaches zero.
A machine transfer heat from low temperature region to high temperature region is called HEAT PUMP.
A device or machine that produces work is termed as HEAT MACHINE.
A device or machine that absorbs work is termed as HEAT ENGINE.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics:
If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. .
HEAT TRANSFER
In General heat is transferred in Three modes. 1 Conduction 2. Convection 3. Radiation .
The qualitative and quantities analysis of heat transfer in all the three modes are subjected to matter and heat transferred covered by thermodynamics heat conduction laws.
Fourier’s law of Heat Conduction –
When a temperature gradient exist within a body there happens heat transfer from Hotter region of the body to colder region of the body.
Heat Transfer α Temperature gradient / area normal to the direction of flow of heat
The vital terms we use in Thermodynamics has to be understand meaningfully in depth.
Such terms are 1. System 2. Open system 3. Closed System 4. Isolated System 5. Homogeneous System 6. Heterogeneous System7. Ideal System 8. Boundary 9. Surrounding 10. Temperature 11. Heat 12. Heat Transfer 13. Conduction 14. Convection 15. Radiation 16. Work 17. Work flow 18. Mass flow 19. Energy Flow 20. Work Transfer 21. Steady Flow System 22. Energy Flow 23. Entropy 24. Enthalpy
Thermodynamics deeply concern with 1. Concept of Energy 2. Laws Governs the conversion of one form of Energy to another form of energy 3. Properties of Working Substance / media used in Energy conversion
Applied Thermodynamics
Applied Thermodynamics is the study of Heat and Work and conversion of Heat into work and work into Heat.
Energy is the vital thing to cause any physical happening, conversion or changes. Without Energy expenditure nothing will happen. There are various forms of energy exist in the world. Among all of these energies Heat is the main energy . The term Energy is actually derived from Greek work En-ergon which means in Work or Work content. The primary and the foremost recourse for heat energy is Sun and it can be considered as mother of Energy as most of the energies derived from Heat Energy. in even we can say the mother of all Energies.
Energies are classified as various types.
The fundamental classification of Energy is Renewable and Non-renewable energy.
Renewable energies are those which do not vanishes or run down or totally exhausted. On the other hand Non-renewable energies are those depleted or diminished. Example of Renewable energies are - Solar Energy, Ocean Energy and Wind Energy Example of Non-Renewable energies are Oil, Coal, Energies were classified in four main categories they are 1 Thermal 2 Mechanical 3 Electrical 4 Chemical
Now let us concentrate on Thermal Energy.
Thermal Energy involves inevitably the Heat Energy. Heat Energy is converted in to Mechanical and or Electrical Energy Here comes the importance of Heat Transfer and its principle and Work due to heat. Heat Transfer is a science that predicts transfer of Energy from one body to another by virtue of temperature gradient. The Subject which deals with the Heat and Work is called Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics predicts extent of heat and work integration when system changes from one equilibrium state to another. In another way When a system passes through one state to another the work and heat involved in this transformation of equilibrium state is analysed and calculated through Thermodynamics study. It elaborately tells how? And how much heat is transferred in any process In a process if there is temperature difference {Potential Difference} then only transfer heat takes place in a process.
System or Matter has measurable properties. It is macroscopic property such as Pressure , Volume and Temperature. ex. Air in cylinder has got Volume Pressure and Temperature. Different system requires different macroscopic properties for complete description of the state.
First Law of Thermodynamics -
Machines that violate the first law are impossible. Heat Transfer takes place only if there is a potential difference.
Heat is a form of energy. The internal energy of a system changes as heat flows in or out of of the System.
Second Law of Thermodynamics –
Heat cannot flow from cold body to hot body without an external work. Machines that violate the second law (perpetual motion machines) are impossible. In Thermalization process the closed systems will always work towards thermal equilibrium and will attain maximum entropy of the system.
The entropy of any isolated system not in thermal equilibrium always increases.
Third Law of Thermodynamics -
Heat flow from high temperature to Low temperature region until equilibrium reached. Heat transfer is a irreversible process.
The entropy of any pure substance in thermodynamic equilibrium approaches zero as the temperature approaches zero.
A machine transfer heat from low temperature region to high temperature region is called HEAT PUMP.
A device or machine that produces work is termed as HEAT MACHINE.
A device or machine that absorbs work is termed as HEAT ENGINE.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics:
If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. .
HEAT TRANSFER
In General heat is transferred in Three modes. 1 Conduction 2. Convection 3. Radiation .
The qualitative and quantities analysis of heat transfer in all the three modes are subjected to matter and heat transferred covered by thermodynamics heat conduction laws.
Fourier’s law of Heat Conduction –
When a temperature gradient exist within a body there happens heat transfer from Hotter region of the body to colder region of the body.
Heat Transfer α Temperature gradient / area normal to the direction of flow of heat
The vital terms we use in Thermodynamics has to be understand meaningfully in depth.
Such terms are 1. System 2. Open system 3. Closed System 4. Isolated System 5. Homogeneous System 6. Heterogeneous System7. Ideal System 8. Boundary 9. Surrounding 10. Temperature 11. Heat 12. Heat Transfer 13. Conduction 14. Convection 15. Radiation 16. Work 17. Work flow 18. Mass flow 19. Energy Flow 20. Work Transfer 21. Steady Flow System 22. Energy Flow 23. Entropy 24. Enthalpy